SEC Assignment ( Sarvaiya priyal )
SEC ASSIGNMENT
September 13, 2025
Name: Sarvaiya Priyal
TYBA Sem 5
❇️ CLASS ASSIGNMENT. ❇️
✴️Critical Thinking – Concept :-
• Critical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2500 years.
• The term “critical thinking” has its roots in the mid late 20th century. We offer here overlapping definitions, together which form a substantive, trans disciplinary conception of critical thinking.
👉 Example: If someone tells you a news story on social media, a critical thinker won’t blindly believe it. Instead, they will check the source, evidence, and logic behind it.
• Critical thinking is defined as an ability to analyse information and experience in an objective manner.
• According to Jones, (1996), Critical thinking is generally agreed to include evaluation of the worth, accuracy or authenticity of various propositions, leading to a supportable decision or direction for action.
👉 Example: Before buying something online 🛒, we compare reviews, check seller ratings, and look at product details.
• Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness.
• Critical thinking, also called critical analysis, is clear, rational thinking involving critique. Its details vary amongst those who define it. According to Barry K. Beyer (1995) critical thinking means making clear, reasoned judgments. During the process of critical thinking, ideas should be reasoned and well thought out/judged.
👉Example: A student deciding whether to join a coaching class will think about cost 💰, time ⏰, and quality 🎯 before deciding.
• The National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking defines critical thinking as the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.
👉Example: A doctor 👩⚕️ analyzing a patient’s symptoms before deciding treatment.
• It entails the examination of those structures or elements of thought implicit in all reasoning: purpose, problem, or question issue; assumptions; concepts; Empirical grounding; Reasoning leading to conclusions; Implications and consequences; Objections from alternative viewpoints; And frame of reference. Critical thinking — in being responsive to variable subject matter, issues, and purposes — is incorporated in a family of interwoven modes of thinking, among them: scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking, moral thinking, and philosophical thinking.
➡️In short:
Critical thinking = 🔍 Clarity + Accuracy + Logic + Fairness + Reflection.
❇️ HOME ASSIGNMENT ❇️
✴️ Qualities of a Well-cultivated Critical Thinker :-
The following are qualities of well cultivated thinker.
➡️Raises vital questions and problem,📚 formulating them clearly and precisely; Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively; comes to well reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards.
👉 Example: Instead of asking “Why is this happening to me?” a thinker asks “What can I do to solve this problem?”
👉Example: A journalist checks multiple sources before writing an article.
➡️Thinks open mindedly 🌍 , within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences; And communicates effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems.
👉Example: Accepting that two cultures can have different but equally valid traditions.
➡️Critical thinking is, in short, self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use. It entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and socio centrism.
👉 Example:
A student preparing for exams 📚 doesn’t just memorize answers but makes their own notes (self-directed), sets a study timetable ⏰ (self-disciplined), checks progress regularly ✅ (self-monitored), and corrects mistakes by practicing past papers ✍️ (self-corrective).
➡️ No one is a critical thinker , through and through, but only to such and such a degree, with such and such insights and blind spots, subject to such and such tendencies towards self delusion. For this reason, the development of critical thinking skills and dispositions is a lifelong endeavour.
👉 Example:
Even a scientist 🔬 may have personal bias — for example, supporting their own theory more strongly than others. We all have blind spots 🚧, and that’s normal.
❇️ ESSAY ❇️
✴️Characteristics of Critical Thinking :-
Critical thinking involves the use of a kind of thinking called reasoning, in which we construct and/or evaluate reasons to support beliefs. The characteristics are:
👉Example: A lawyer ⚖️ builds an argument in court with evidence and logic instead of emotions.
👉Critical thinking also involves reflection – the examination and evaluation of our own and others’ thoughts and ideas. Finally critical thinking is practical. Actions are more rational if they are based on beliefs that we take to be justified. Critical thinking then, is the careful deliberation od whether we should accept, reject or suspend judgement about the truth of a claim or a recommendation to act in a certain way.
👉 Example: After losing a debate 🎤, a student reflects on their arguments to see what went wrong.
➡️Critical thinking involves the use of a group of interconnected skills to analyze, creatively integrate, and evaluate what you read and hear.
👉 Example: A student reading a history book 📖 checks sources, compares with other accounts, and then forms their own view.
➡️Critical thinking involves certain dispositions. A disposition is a tendency to act or think in a certain way.
👉 Example: A scientist 🔬 always questions results, double-checks data, and avoids assumptions.
➡️To learn how to think critically, one must learn skills that build upon each other. Only by concentrating on and practicing these basic skills can mastery of critical thinking be achieved.
👉 Example: A chess player ♟️ improves by analyzing old matches and practicing new strategies.
👉Critical Thinkers are:
•Curious about the world.
•Creative questioners.
•Frequently asking “why?” and seeking reasons to defend a position.
•Interested only in credible sources of information.
•Able to take into account the total situation or context when interpreting something.
•Relevant thinkers who stick to the main point.
•Always looking for alternative explanations, positions, or arguments.
•Open minded and who seriously consider points of view other than their own.
•Willing to change a position when the evidence is sufficient to make them do so.
•Able to withhold judgement when the evidence is insufficient.
•Eager to seek precision.
•Able to realize the limits of knowing; hence they look for probability rather than proof.
•Able to realize the role of personal bias in the process of knowing something.
